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Benny Siringoringo et.al (Tourism Destination Competitiveness: Conceptual….)
Tourism Destination Competitiveness: Conceptual
Analysis and Determinant Factors in a Literature
Review
Benny Siringoringo
a,1
, Rut Irmawati Gultom
b,2
, April Marbun
c,3
, Iwan R Pasaribu
d,4
a,b,c,d
Akademi Pariwisata ULCLA, Lobuhole, Siatas Barita, North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra 22417
1
bennysiringoo@gmail.com
;
2
gultomrut997@gmail.com
;
3
aprilsmarbun@gmail.com
;
4
pasaribuiwan80@gmail.com
*
Corresponding Author: Benny Siringoringo
INFO ARTIKEL
ABSTRAK
Sejarah Artikel:
Diterima: 13 Agustus 2024
Direvisi: 19 Agustus 2024
Disetujui: 27 Agustus 2024
Tersedia Daring: 4 September
2024
Daya saing destinasi pariwisata merupakan konsep penting dalam memahami
bagaimana suatu destinasi mampu menarik wisatawan, menghasilkan
manfaat ekonomi, dan mempertahankan pembangunan pariwisata jangka
panjang di tengah persaingan global yang semakin ketat. Penelitian ini
bertujuan untuk menganalisis kerangka konseptual serta faktor-faktor
determinan yang mempengaruhi daya saing destinasi pariwisata melalui
pendekatan kajian literatur. Publikasi akademik yang relevan pada periode
2018–2023 dianalisis untuk mengidentifikasi perspektif teoritis dan temuan
empiris terkait daya saing destinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa
daya saing destinasi pariwisata merupakan konstruksi multidimensional
yang dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor utama, yaitu sumber daya dan atraksi
wisata, infrastruktur dan aksesibilitas, teknologi digital dan inovasi, serta tata
kelola dan kebijakan pariwisata. Atraksi alam dan budaya menjadi faktor
utama yang menarik wisatawan, sementara infrastruktur dan aksesibilitas
meningkatkan kenyamanan serta pengalaman wisatawan. Selain itu,
perkembangan teknologi digital berperan penting dalam memperkuat
pemasaran destinasi, layanan pariwisata, dan pengambilan keputusan
berbasis data. Dengan demikian, strategi pengembangan pariwisata yang
terintegrasi menjadi kunci dalam meningkatkan daya saing destinasi secara
berkelanjutan.
Kata Kunci:
daya saing
destinasi wisata
pengembangan pariwisata
kajian literatur
ABSTRACT
Keywords:
tourism destination
competitiveness
tourism development
literature review
Tourism destination competitiveness has become an important concept in
understanding how destinations attract tourists, generate economic benefits,
and sustain long-term tourism development in an increasingly competitive
global tourism market. This study aims to analyze the conceptual framework
and determinant factors influencing tourism destination competitiveness
through a literature review approach. Relevant academic publications
published between 2018 and 2023 were reviewed to identify key theoretical
perspectives and empirical findings related to destination competitiveness. The
results indicate that tourism destination competitiveness is a multidimensional
construct influenced by several interrelated factors, including core tourism
resources and attractions, infrastructure and accessibility, digital technology
and innovation, and governance and policy frameworks. Natural and cultural
attractions serve as the fundamental drivers that attract tourists, while
infrastructure and accessibility facilitate mobility and improve visitor
experiences. Furthermore, digital technologies play an increasingly important
role in enhancing destination marketing, tourism services, and data-driven
decision-making. Effective governance and collaborative stakeholder
engagement are also essential for ensuring sustainable tourism development
and long-term competitiveness. Overall, the findings highlight the importance
of integrated strategies combining resource management, infrastructure
development, technological innovation, and policy support to strengthen the
competitiveness of tourism destinations.
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©2024, Benny Siringoringo, Rut Irmawati Gultom, April Marbun, Iwan R Pasaribu
This is an open access article under CC BY-SA license
1.
Introduction
The global tourism industry has evolved into one of the most strategic sectors in the world
economy, contributing significantly to gross domestic product (GDP), employment creation, and
cultural and technological exchange among countries. Many nations consider tourism a key
driver of regional and national economic development due to its ability to generate value through
service exports, regional income growth, and the expansion of supporting industries such as
transportation, hospitality, and the creative economy. However, the dynamics of the tourism
industry are highly influenced by external factors, including security and political stability,
global health conditions, technological developments, and public policies that support the
development of competitive and sustaina (Ahmed, 2022; Ernawati, 2019; Islam & Hossain,
2023)ble tourism destinations (Kyrylov et al., 2023; Thành et al., 2022). Consequently,
understanding the evolving dynamics of the tourism sector is essential for designing effective
destination management strategies amid increasing global competition.
Despite its long-term growth trajectory, the tourism sector remains highly vulnerable to
global disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, caused a dramatic decline in
international tourist arrivals and tourism revenues across many countries (Chen, 2022; Mrozek,
2022; Thành et al., 2022). These disruptions have encouraged governments and tourism
stakeholders to adopt various recovery strategies, including strengthening domestic tourism,
diversifying tourism products, and implementing adaptive travel policies in response to crisis
conditions (Ahmed, 2022; Z. Li et al., 2022). In this context, the resilience of the tourism industry
largely depends on the ability of destinations to adapt to global environmental changes while
simultaneously enhancing their competitiveness through innovation, cross-sector collaboration,
and improved governance in tourism development.
One of the most significant trends in the development of global tourism is the growing role
of digital technology in destination management and tourist experiences. Digital transformation
enables the use of information and communication technologies to enhance service quality,
facilitate access to tourism information, and strengthen destination promotion strategies through
various digital platforms (Li & Mahamood, 2022; Liubokhynets, 2020). In addition, innovative
technologies such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and tourism information systems
contribute to improving the efficiency of destination management and support data-driven
decision-making processes (Chen, 2022; Li et al., 2022). Digitalization also enhances tourism
marketing communication through social media and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), which
play a critical role in shaping destination image and influencing tourists’ travel decisions (Bachri
& Lonik, 2023).
Beyond technological advancements, transportation infrastructure and connectivity also
play a crucial role in strengthening tourism growth and destination competitiveness. Efficient
transportation systems, including air, land, and maritime networks, improve accessibility to
tourism destinations and facilitate visitor mobility, thereby increasing the attractiveness and
competitiveness of destinations (Abdullah et al., 2023; Florido-Benítez, 2023). Studies indicate
that improved air connectivity and proximity to major airports significantly support the
development of cultural tourism and urban tourism economies, particularly in destinations that
rely on cultural attractions and heritage assets (Florido-Benítez, 2023). Therefore, investment in
transportation infrastructure has become an essential component of national and regional tourism
development strategies.
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Within this dynamic context, the concept of destination competitiveness has gained
increasing attention in tourism studies, as it explains why certain destinations outperform others
in attracting tourists, generating economic value, and sustaining long-term tourism growth.
Destination competitiveness is widely understood as a multidimensional construct influenced by
various factors such as tourism attractions, infrastructure quality, destination image, governance,
and the integration of tourism with cultural industries (Shariffuddin et al., 2022; Shen, 2023).
Moreover, the literature highlights the importance of strengthening destination image, leveraging
digital technologies, and implementing strategic branding and cultural-based promotion to
enhance competitive advantage at both regional and global levels (Atmaja, 2023; Kuswardani &
Wibisono, 2021; Yuliarti et al., 2021). Based on this background, this study aims to conduct a
conceptual analysis of tourism destination competitiveness and identify its determinant factors
through a comprehensive literature review.
2.
Method
This study employs a qualitative literature review approach to analyze the conceptual
development and determinant factors of tourism destination competitiveness. The literature
review method was chosen to synthesize and critically evaluate existing academic studies related
to tourism competitiveness, destination management, and tourism development. Relevant
publications were identified through major academic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus-
indexed journals, and other peer-reviewed sources published between 2018 and 2023 to ensure
the inclusion of recent scholarly discussions. The selection process focused on articles addressing
key themes such as destination competitiveness frameworks, tourism policy, infrastructure
development, digitalization in tourism, and destination branding. Only peer-reviewed journal
articles and reputable academic sources written in English were included to maintain the quality
and credibility of the reviewed literature.
The collected literature was analyzed using a thematic analysis technique to identify
recurring concepts, theoretical perspectives, and determinant factors influencing tourism
destination competitiveness. The analysis involved several stages, including literature screening,
categorization of themes, and synthesis of findings across studies. Key themes such as tourism
resources and attractions, infrastructure and accessibility, destination management, technological
innovation, and socio-economic and cultural factors were systematically examined to understand
how they contribute to destination competitiveness. Through this analytical process, the study
aims to develop a conceptual synthesis of the determinants of tourism destination
competitiveness and provide a comprehensive understanding of how these factors interact in
shaping the competitiveness of tourism destinations.
3. Result and Discussion
a. Overview of Tourism Destination Competitiveness in Recent Literature
The concept of tourism destination competitiveness has received significant attention in
tourism research over the past decade. Scholars have increasingly recognized that tourism
destinations operate in a competitive global market where destinations compete to attract visitors,
investment, and tourism-related economic benefits. In this context, destination competitiveness
is often defined as the ability of a destination to create and deliver products and services that
perform better than other destinations while ensuring sustainability and long-term development
Shariffuddin et al (2022). The growing importance of this concept is linked to the rapid expansion
of international tourism, digital transformation in tourism services, and the need for sustainable
tourism development strategies.
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Recent studies highlight that destination competitiveness is a multidimensional concept
that encompasses economic, social, environmental, and institutional dimensions. For example,
Chin et al (2022) argue that competitiveness should not only be measured through tourism
performance indicators such as tourist arrivals or revenues but also through governance quality,
environmental sustainability, and stakeholder collaboration. Similarly, Paunović et al (2020)
emphasize that governance structures and destination life-cycle stages influence the ability of
destinations to remain competitive in the long term. These perspectives demonstrate that tourism
competitiveness cannot be understood solely through infrastructure or attractions, but must also
consider institutional capacity and strategic destination management.
The increasing complexity of tourism markets has also led to the development of various
models and measurement frameworks for destination competitiveness. One widely referenced
framework is the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which evaluates national
tourism competitiveness based on indicators such as infrastructure, ICT readiness, safety, and
environmental sustainability. However, recent studies have criticized the limitations of relying
solely on aggregated indices. Epoh et al (2023), for example, propose a data-driven weighting
approach for TTCI indicators to better reflect tourism inflows and real performance outcomes.
Their findings suggest that contextual factors and regional characteristics must be incorporated
into competitiveness measurement models.
In addition, empirical studies conducted in different regional contexts demonstrate the
importance of adapting competitiveness frameworks to local conditions. For instance, Bire et al
(2021) developed a regional tourism competitiveness model for East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia,
identifying six major factors and twenty-three indicators that influence regional tourism
performance. Their findings highlight the role of government policy, natural attractions, and
supporting infrastructure as critical determinants of destination competitiveness. These findings
confirm that competitiveness frameworks should be flexible and context-sensitive, reflecting the
unique characteristics of each destination.
Overall, the literature indicates that tourism destination competitiveness is influenced by
multiple interconnected factors, including core tourism resources, infrastructure, governance,
technology, and destination image. The following sections discuss these determinant factors in
greater detail based on a synthesis of recent studies published between 2018 and 2023.
Table 1. Summary of Previous Studies on Tourism Destination Competitiveness (2018–2023)
Author
Research Focus
Method
Shariffuddin et
al (2022)
Destination
competitiveness
framework
Literature
review
Chin et al (2022)
Tourism
competitiveness
indicators
Comparative
analysis
Epoh et al
(2023)
TTCI indicator
weighting
Quantitative
modeling
Bire et al (2021)
Regional tourism
competitiveness in
Indonesia
DEMATEL &
TOPSIS
Milutinović et al
(2021)
Stakeholder
perception of
competitiveness
Survey
research
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Paunović et al
(2020)
Governance and
competitiveness
Policy analysis
Zhu et al (2020)
Environmental
competitiveness
Econometric
analysis
Atmaja (2023)
Digital tourism
competitiveness
Empirical
study
Kuswardani &
Wibisono (2021)
Destination image
and
competitiveness
Structural
model
Table 1 summarizes several important studies published between 2018 and 2023 that
examine tourism destination competitiveness from various perspectives. The table shows that
research on tourism competitiveness spans multiple methodological approaches, including
literature reviews, quantitative modeling, econometric analysis, and survey-based studies.
Despite methodological differences, most studies converge on the conclusion that tourism
competitiveness is shaped by a combination of factors such as destination resources, governance
quality, infrastructure, sustainability, and digital innovation. This synthesis highlights the
complexity of destination competitiveness and underscores the need for integrated frameworks
that combine economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
b. Core Tourism Resources and Attractions
Core tourism resources represent one of the most fundamental determinants of destination
competitiveness. These resources include natural landscapes, cultural heritage, historical sites,
and tourism attractions that create unique visitor experiences. According to Milutinović et al
(2021), core attractions are consistently identified as the strongest indicators of destination
competitiveness because they directly influence tourists’ travel motivations and satisfaction
levels.
Natural attractions, such as beaches, mountains, and biodiversity-rich ecosystems, often
form the foundation of tourism development in many destinations. In addition, cultural and
heritage resources contribute significantly to destination differentiation and identity. Research
by Shen (2023) demonstrates that integrating cultural heritage into tourism products can enhance
destination attractiveness and create unique tourism experiences that cannot be easily replicated
by competing destinations. Cultural tourism also supports local economies by promoting
traditional crafts, festivals, and cultural events.
In many regions, tourism competitiveness also depends on the effective management and
preservation of tourism resources. Sustainable resource management is essential to prevent
environmental degradation and maintain the long-term attractiveness of destinations. Zhu et al
(2020) found that environmental quality has a significant impact on tourism competitiveness,
particularly in developed destinations where environmental sustainability has become a major
factor influencing tourists’ destination choices.
Furthermore, the diversification of tourism products has become increasingly important in
strengthening destination competitiveness. Destinations that offer a variety of tourism
experiences, such as eco-tourism, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, and wellness tourism, are
better positioned to attract diverse tourist segments. This diversification strategy helps reduce
dependency on a single tourism product and enhances destination resilience in the face of market
fluctuations. Overall, the literature indicates that core tourism resources remain the primary
foundation of destination competitiveness. However, the effectiveness of these resources in
generating tourism demand depends largely on complementary factors such as infrastructure,
destination management, and marketing strategies.
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c. Infrastructure and Accessibility
Infrastructure development plays a crucial role in enhancing tourism destination
competitiveness. Tourism infrastructure includes transportation systems, accommodation
facilities, communication networks, and supporting services that enable tourists to access and
enjoy tourism destinations. According to Abdullah et al (2023), accessibility is one of the most
critical determinants of tourism growth because it directly influences travel convenience and
destination attractiveness.
Air transportation infrastructure is particularly important for international tourism. Studies
show that destinations with well-connected airports and efficient transportation networks tend to
experience higher tourist arrivals. Florido-Benítez (2023) found that the proximity of airports to
major tourism attractions significantly improves destination accessibility and enhances tourism
flows.
Road infrastructure and public transportation systems also play an essential role in
supporting tourism mobility within destinations. Efficient transportation networks enable tourists
to explore multiple attractions within a destination, thereby increasing tourism spending and
length of stay. Moreover, infrastructure investments can stimulate broader economic
development by improving connectivity between tourism destinations and surrounding
communities.
Accommodation infrastructure is another critical component of tourism competitiveness.
The availability of diverse accommodation options, ranging from luxury hotels to budget
accommodations and community-based homestays, allows destinations to cater to different
tourist segments. Studies suggest that high-quality accommodation facilities contribute to
positive tourist experiences and increase the likelihood of repeat visits.
In addition to physical infrastructure, digital infrastructure has emerged as an important
element of tourism competitiveness. The availability of high-speed internet, smart tourism
systems, and digital platforms for booking and information access enhances the overall tourist
experience. Consequently, many destinations are increasingly investing in smart tourism
technologies to strengthen their competitive position in the global tourism market.
d. Digital Technology and Tourism Innovation
Digital technology has become one of the most transformative forces shaping the tourism
industry in recent years. The rapid development of information and communication technologies
has significantly changed how tourists search for information, plan their trips, and share their
travel experiences. According to Li et al (2022), digital innovation has accelerated tourism
recovery in the post-pandemic era by enabling contactless services, online booking systems, and
data-driven tourism management.
One of the most significant impacts of digital technology is the emergence of digital
tourism marketing. Social media platforms, travel websites, and online review systems allow
destinations to reach global audiences more effectively than traditional marketing channels.
Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), in particular, has become a powerful tool for influencing
tourists’ perceptions and travel decisions.
Digital technologies also enhance tourism management through data analytics and smart
tourism systems. Destination management organizations can use big data analytics to analyze
tourist behavior, predict travel trends, and optimize tourism services. These technologies support
more efficient resource allocation and improve the overall quality of tourism services.
Furthermore, immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality
(AR) are increasingly used to enrich tourist experiences. These technologies enable tourists to
explore destinations virtually before visiting them, which can stimulate travel interest and
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enhance destination promotion. As a result, destinations that successfully adopt digital
technologies are more likely to gain a competitive advantage in the global tourism market.
e. Destination Governance and Policy
Effective governance is another critical determinant of tourism destination
competitiveness. Governance refers to the institutional structures, policies, and collaborative
mechanisms that guide tourism development and management. According to (aunović et al
(2020), governance quality influences the ability of destinations to coordinate stakeholders,
implement sustainable tourism policies, and respond to market changes.
Government policies play a central role in shaping tourism competitiveness through
infrastructure investment, regulatory frameworks, and destination promotion strategies. For
example, national tourism policies often include initiatives aimed at improving destination
accessibility, enhancing service quality, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.
Public–private partnerships are also important in destination governance. Collaboration
between government agencies, tourism businesses, and local communities helps ensure that
tourism development benefits multiple stakeholders. Such partnerships facilitate investment in
tourism infrastructure, marketing campaigns, and human resource development.
Additionally, governance frameworks are essential for ensuring environmental
sustainability in tourism development. Many destinations have introduced policies aimed at
protecting natural resources, managing visitor flows, and promoting responsible tourism
practices. These policies help maintain the long-term attractiveness of destinations while
minimizing negative environmental impacts.
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Diagram
The diagram illustrates the conceptual framework of tourism destination competitiveness
derived from the literature review. The framework highlights four primary determinants: core
tourism resources and attractions, infrastructure and accessibility, digital technology and
innovation, and governance and policy. These factors interact to influence the overall
competitiveness of tourism destinations. Core resources provide the fundamental attractions that
motivate travel, while infrastructure and accessibility facilitate tourist mobility and convenience.
Digital technologies enhance marketing and service efficiency, and governance frameworks
ensure coordinated and sustainable tourism development. Together, these elements shape the
ability of destinations to compete effectively in the global tourism market.
4.
Conclusion
This study highlights that tourism destination competitiveness is a multidimensional
concept influenced by the interaction of various structural and managerial factors. Based on the
literature review conducted, the competitiveness of tourism destinations is primarily shaped by
core tourism resources and attractions, infrastructure and accessibility, digital technology and
innovation, as well as governance and policy frameworks. Natural and cultural attractions remain
the fundamental drivers that attract tourists, while supporting infrastructure and accessibility
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enhance the convenience and overall travel experience. In addition, the rapid advancement of
digital technologies has significantly transformed tourism promotion, destination management,
and tourist engagement through digital marketing, information systems, and data-driven
decision-making. These elements collectively determine the ability of a destination to compete
in an increasingly dynamic and competitive global tourism market.
Furthermore, the findings emphasize that sustainable destination competitiveness requires
integrated governance and collaborative stakeholder engagement. Effective public policies,
strategic destination management, and cross-sector collaboration between government, tourism
businesses, and local communities play a crucial role in maintaining long-term tourism growth.
The literature also indicates that the integration of sustainability principles, technological
innovation, and cultural resource management can strengthen the resilience of tourism
destinations in the face of global challenges such as economic uncertainty and health crises.
Therefore, future tourism development strategies should prioritize integrated planning,
sustainable resource management, and digital transformation to enhance destination
competitiveness while ensuring balanced economic, social, and environmental outcomes.
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