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Rut Irmawati Gultom et.al (Community-Based Tourism Destination….)

Community-Based Tourism Destination Management:

A Conceptual Analysis through a Literature Review

Rut Irmawati Gultom

a,1

, April Marbun

b,2

, Suminta Simatupang

c,3

, Veronica Lidia Theresia

Siregar

d,4

a,b,c,d

Akademi Pariwisata ULCLA, Lobuhole, Siatas Barita, North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra 22417

gultomrut997@gmail.com

;

aprilsmarbun@gmail.com

;

sumintasimatupang31@gmail.com

;

nicavero0102@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Rut Irmawati Gultom

INFO ARTIKEL

ABSTRAK

Sejarah Artikel:

Diterima: 13 Agustus 2024

Direvisi: 19 Agustus 2024

Disetujui: 27 Agustus 2024

Tersedia Daring: 4 September

2024

Transformasi destinasi wisata pada era ekonomi kreatif menjadi isu penting

dalam kajian pariwisata kontemporer. Perkembangan pariwisata global

semakin dipengaruhi oleh proses globalisasi, inovasi teknologi, serta

perubahan preferensi wisatawan yang mengarah pada pengalaman wisata

yang lebih bermakna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana

destinasi wisata mengalami transformasi dalam merespons perubahan

tersebut melalui pendekatan studi literatur. Literatur yang relevan dari tahun

2018–2023 dikumpulkan dari berbagai basis data akademik dan dianalisis

menggunakan metode analisis tematik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa

transformasi destinasi wisata dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor utama, yaitu

dinamika globalisasi dan jaringan pariwisata global, pergeseran dari mass

tourism menuju experience-based tourism, serta integrasi ekonomi kreatif

dalam pengembangan pariwisata. Ekonomi kreatif berperan penting dalam

meningkatkan daya saing destinasi melalui pengembangan produk wisata

inovatif, penguatan branding berbasis budaya, serta peningkatan kualitas

pengalaman wisatawan. Selain itu, kolaborasi antara pemerintah, komunitas

lokal, dan pelaku industri pariwisata menjadi faktor penting dalam

mendukung pembangunan pariwisata yang berkelanjutan.

Kata Kunci:

transformasi destinasi

wisata, ekonomi kreatif,

pariwisata berbasis

pengalaman

ABSTRACT

Keywords:

tourism destination

transformation

creative economy

experiential tourism

The transformation of tourism destinations in the era of the creative economy

has become an important topic in contemporary tourism studies. Global tourism

development is increasingly influenced by globalization, technological

innovation, and changes in tourist preferences toward more meaningful travel

experiences. This study aims to examine how tourism destinations transform in

response to these changes through a literature review approach. Relevant

academic publications from 2018–2023 were collected from major databases

and analyzed using thematic content analysis. The findings indicate that

tourism destination transformation is driven by three major factors: the

dynamics of globalization and global tourism networks, the shift from mass

tourism to experience-based tourism, and the integration of creative economy

activities into tourism development. The creative economy plays a crucial role

in strengthening destination competitiveness through the development of

innovative tourism products, cultural branding, and enhanced visitor

experiences. Furthermore, collaboration among stakeholders—including local

communities, government institutions, and tourism businesses—is essential to

support sustainable tourism development. The study concludes that integrating

creativity, culture, and innovation into tourism strategies can enhance the

attractiveness and sustainability of destinations in the global tourism market.

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Veronica Lidia Theresia Siregar

This is an open access article under CC BY-SA license

Introduction

The global tourism industry has experienced substantial growth and transformation over

the past decade, driven by increasing international travel demand, technological innovation, and

changing consumer preferences. However, this growth has also intensified pressures on

environmental resources and socio-cultural systems in many destinations. The COVID-19

pandemic marked a significant turning point for the tourism sector, exposing structural

vulnerabilities and emphasizing the need for more resilient and sustainable tourism systems.

Although the pandemic resulted in severe economic losses and disruptions across global tourism

value chains, it also created opportunities to rethink tourism development strategies toward more

inclusive, environmentally responsible, and resilient models. In this context, sustainable tourism

has increasingly been recognized not only as an ethical framework but also as a strategic

approach to long-term destination competitiveness and community well-being (Hovelsrud et al.,

2021; Jiang, 2023; Palazzo et al., 2022; Saarinen, 2021; Seabra & Bhatt, 2022).

Global tourism growth continues to play a critical role in national and regional economies,

supported by infrastructure expansion, digital technologies, and policies that facilitate travel

mobility. Nevertheless, rapid tourism expansion has also generated environmental degradation,

socio-cultural disruption, and economic inequalities that require more holistic management

approaches. The COVID-19 crisis further illustrated the vulnerability of tourism systems, with

widespread revenue losses, employment reductions, and disruptions to global tourism supply

chains. At the same time, several studies highlight that the crisis has accelerated the transition

toward more sustainable tourism practices through innovations such as travel bubbles,

contactless tourism experiences, regional tourism development, and greater emphasis on the

triple bottom line of economic, environmental, and social sustainability (Ardeljan et al., 2020;

Khan et al., 2021; Khatter et al., 2021; Mekhovych, 2021; Seabra & Bhatt, 2022).

Within this broader transformation, the concept of sustainable tourism has gained

increasing attention as a guiding framework for tourism development and governance.

Sustainable tourism emphasizes the balanced management of environmental, economic, and

social impacts to meet present tourism demands without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs. However, scholars distinguish sustainable tourism from

responsible tourism, highlighting differences in governance approaches and policy

implementation. Sustainable tourism generally emphasizes regulatory frameworks, policy

integration, and measurable sustainability indicators, whereas responsible tourism tends to focus

more on individual and market-driven behavioral changes. Understanding these conceptual

differences is important for designing policies and governance mechanisms that effectively

support sustainable destination development (Guo et al., 2019; Jiang, 2023; Saarinen, 2021; Xue

et al., 2022).

In response to the limitations of conventional mass tourism models, community-based

tourism (CBT) has emerged as an alternative approach that prioritizes community participation,

local empowerment, and equitable distribution of tourism benefits. CBT is widely regarded as a

development strategy that enables local communities to actively participate in tourism planning,

management, and decision-making processes while preserving cultural heritage and natural

resources. Numerous studies suggest that CBT can contribute to poverty alleviation, local

economic diversification, and environmental conservation when effectively implemented.

However, the literature also identifies several challenges, including limited community capacity,

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fragmented stakeholder coordination, and the need for stronger institutional support and

governance frameworks (Giampiccoli & Mtapuri, 2021; Hutnaleontina et al., 2022; Lo & Janta,

2020; Mony et al., 2023; Quang et al., 2023; Shafieisabet & Haratifard, 2020).

The effectiveness of community-based tourism is closely linked to the broader framework

of destination management and governance. Effective destination management increasingly

requires the active involvement of local communities as key stakeholders in tourism planning,

product development, and benefit distribution. Studies indicate that collaborative and

participatory governance models—often facilitated by destination management organizations

(DMOs)—can enhance tourism sustainability, improve local acceptance of tourism

development, and strengthen destination resilience in the face of crises such as economic shocks

or global pandemics (Hubner et al., 2023; Iqbal et al., 2023; Lucia et al., 2023; Martins & Ribeiro,

2023). Therefore, understanding how community-based tourism can be integrated into

destination management frameworks is crucial for advancing sustainable tourism development.

Based on this context, this study aims to analyze the conceptual relationship between

community-based tourism and destination management through a comprehensive review of the

existing literature.

Method

This study employs a qualitative research design using a literature review approach to

analyze the conceptual relationship between community-based tourism (CBT) and destination

management within the context of sustainable tourism development. A literature review method

is appropriate for synthesizing existing knowledge, identifying theoretical perspectives, and

examining emerging themes in previous studies. The data for this study were obtained from peer-

reviewed journal articles published between 2018 and 2023 to ensure the relevance and recency

of the discussion. The literature search was conducted through major academic databases,

including Google Scholar, Scopus-indexed journals, and ScienceDirect, using keywords such as

community-based tourism, destination management, sustainable tourism, community

participation, and tourism governance. Articles were selected based on several criteria, including

relevance to the research topic, publication in reputable academic journals, and the presence of

conceptual or empirical discussions related to CBT and sustainable destination management.

The selected literature was analyzed using a thematic content analysis approach. This

method involves systematically reviewing and categorizing the literature to identify recurring

concepts, theoretical frameworks, and key factors influencing the integration of community-

based tourism in destination management practices. The analysis process consisted of several

stages, including literature identification, screening based on relevance, classification of themes,

and synthesis of conceptual insights from the selected studies. Through this process, the study

aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of how community participation, governance

structures, and stakeholder collaboration contribute to sustainable tourism destination

management. The results of this analysis are expected to provide a conceptual foundation for

future research and practical guidance for policymakers and tourism stakeholders seeking to

implement community-based tourism strategies in destination management.

3. Result and Discussion

a. Evolution of Community-Based Tourism in Sustainable Destination Management

The concept of community-based tourism (CBT) has gained significant attention in the last

decade as an alternative tourism development approach that emphasizes sustainability, local

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empowerment, and inclusive governance. Within the context of sustainable tourism, CBT seeks

to position local communities as central actors in tourism planning, management, and benefit

distribution. The literature suggests that traditional tourism development models—often

dominated by external investors and centralized governance structures—have frequently

marginalized local communities and generated socio-economic disparities as well as

environmental degradation. As a result, researchers and policymakers have increasingly

promoted CBT as a mechanism to ensure that tourism development contributes directly to

community welfare and environmental conservation (Lo & Janta, 2020; Quang et al., 2023).

The evolution of CBT is closely related to broader global discourses on sustainable

development and participatory governance. Following the adoption of the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), tourism has been increasingly viewed as a tool to achieve inclusive

economic growth, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. Several studies indicate

that CBT contributes to these objectives by empowering communities to manage tourism

resources, develop local tourism products, and maintain cultural heritage. For instance,

Hutnaleontina et al (2022) highlight that CBT initiatives in rural destinations often promote local

entrepreneurship, diversify income sources, and strengthen community resilience against

economic shocks.

Furthermore, the integration of CBT within destination management frameworks has been

increasingly emphasized in recent tourism governance literature. Destination management

organizations (DMOs), local governments, and tourism stakeholders are expected to facilitate

collaborative planning processes that include community voices. This participatory governance

model encourages shared decision-making and fosters a sense of ownership among residents,

which ultimately improves the sustainability and legitimacy of tourism development (Martins &

Ribeiro, 2023).

However, despite its potential benefits, the implementation of CBT remains complex and

context-dependent. Several studies point out that community participation does not automatically

guarantee equitable outcomes. Issues such as unequal power relations, lack of managerial

capacity, limited financial resources, and weak institutional support can hinder the effectiveness

of CBT initiatives (Giampiccoli & Mtapuri, 2021; Shafieisabet & Haratifard, 2020). Therefore,

understanding the conceptual relationship between CBT and destination management requires a

comprehensive analysis of governance structures, stakeholder collaboration, and institutional

capacity.

b. Key Dimensions of Community-Based Tourism

Based on the literature review, four major dimensions consistently emerge in CBT

research: community participation, local empowerment, stakeholder collaboration, and

sustainable resource management. These dimensions collectively shape the effectiveness of CBT

in promoting sustainable tourism development.

Community participation is widely recognized as the cornerstone of CBT. Participation

refers not only to the involvement of local residents in tourism activities but also to their active

engagement in decision-making processes. Research indicates that meaningful participation

increases community support for tourism initiatives and enhances social cohesion within

destinations (Tan, 2021). When communities are involved in tourism planning, they are more

likely to perceive tourism as beneficial rather than disruptive.

Local empowerment is another critical dimension. Empowerment involves enhancing the

capacity of local communities to manage tourism enterprises, negotiate with external

stakeholders, and control tourism resources. According to Quang et al (2023), empowerment can

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take multiple forms, including economic empowerment through income generation, social

empowerment through improved community cohesion, and political empowerment through

participation in governance processes.

Stakeholder collaboration is also essential for successful CBT implementation. Tourism

development involves multiple actors, including government agencies, tourism businesses, non-

governmental organizations, and academic institutions. Collaborative governance models, such

as the Penta-Helix framework, highlight the importance of cooperation among these actors to

create sustainable tourism ecosystems (Azwar et al., 2023). Effective collaboration allows

communities to access technical expertise, financial support, and marketing networks that may

otherwise be unavailable.

Finally, sustainable resource management ensures that tourism activities do not

compromise the ecological and cultural integrity of destinations. CBT initiatives often emphasize

environmental conservation and cultural preservation as key principles. By integrating traditional

knowledge with modern tourism practices, communities can develop tourism products that are

both economically viable and environmentally responsible (Mony et al., 2023).

c. Previous Studies on Community-Based Tourism (2018–2023)

Table 1 summarizes several relevant studies on CBT and destination management conducted

between 2018 and 2023.

Table 1. Summarizes Several Relevant Studies

Author

Location

Focus

Key Findings

Lo & Janta

(2020)

Thailand

CBT governance

Community participation

enhances tourism

sustainability

Shafieisabet &

Haratifard

(2020)

Iran

CBT

development

Local empowerment

improves economic

outcomes

Tan (2021)

Malaysia

Community

participation

Participation increases

support for tourism

Giampiccoli &

Mtapuri (2021)

Africa

CBT framework

Institutional support is

crucial

Hutnaleontina

et al (2022)

Indonesia

Rural tourism

CBT promotes local

entrepreneurship

Quang et al

(2023)

Vietnam

Sustainable

CBT

Collaboration among

stakeholders is essential

Martins &

Ribeiro (2023)

Portugal

Destination

governance

DMOs facilitate community

involvement

The studies summarized in Table 1 indicate that CBT research has increasingly focused on

governance structures and stakeholder collaboration in recent years. Earlier studies primarily

emphasized community participation and poverty alleviation, while more recent research

highlights the role of institutional frameworks and destination management organizations in

facilitating community engagement. These findings suggest that CBT is gradually evolving from

a purely community-driven concept toward a more integrated governance model involving

multiple stakeholders.

Another important trend identified in the literature is the increasing recognition of digital

technologies and smart tourism in supporting CBT development. Digital platforms allow

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communities to promote tourism products, reach global markets, and manage tourism

information more effectively. However, digitalization also introduces new challenges, such as

the need for digital literacy and infrastructure development within rural communities.

d. Governance and Destination Management in CBT

Destination management plays a critical role in determining the success of CBT initiatives.

Effective destination management requires coordinated planning, resource allocation, marketing

strategies, and stakeholder collaboration. Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) often

act as facilitators that connect communities, governments, and private sector actors within the

tourism ecosystem.

Research by Faur & Ban (2022) emphasizes that DMOs are responsible not only for

marketing destinations but also for ensuring that tourism development aligns with sustainability

principles. By involving communities in strategic planning processes, DMOs can ensure that

tourism development reflects local needs and priorities.

Similarly, Martins & Ribeiro (2023) propose a governance model that integrates

community participation within destination management structures. Their study highlights three

core objectives of sustainable destination governance: visitor satisfaction, long-term economic

viability, and community well-being. These objectives can only be achieved when communities

actively participate in decision-making processes.

Another important aspect of destination governance is value co-creation. According to

Lucia et al (2023), tourism experiences are increasingly created through collaboration between

residents, tourists, and tourism organizations. This co-creation process strengthens the

authenticity of tourism products and enhances visitor satisfaction while simultaneously

preserving local cultural identity.

Nevertheless, several governance challenges remain. Many destinations face difficulties in

balancing tourism growth with environmental conservation and community welfare. Weak

institutional coordination and conflicting stakeholder interests can undermine the effectiveness

of CBT initiatives. Therefore, strengthening governance frameworks and fostering transparent

stakeholder collaboration are essential for sustainable destination management.

Table 2. Key Factors Influencing Successful CBT Implementation

Factor

Description

Impact

Community Participation

Involvement in planning and

decision-making

Improves local support

Institutional Support

Government and policy

frameworks

Strengthens governance

Stakeholder Collaboration

Partnerships among tourism

actors

Enhances resource access

Capacity Building

Training and education

Improves management

capability

Environmental

Management

Sustainable resource use

Ensures long-term

sustainability

Table 2 highlights the main factors that influence the effectiveness of CBT initiatives.

Community participation and institutional support are consistently identified as the most critical

factors in the literature. Without adequate institutional frameworks, community initiatives may

lack the resources and legitimacy needed to sustain tourism development.

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Capacity building also plays a significant role in ensuring the success of CBT programs.

Training in tourism management, marketing, financial planning, and environmental conservation

can enhance the ability of communities to manage tourism enterprises effectively. When

combined with strong stakeholder collaboration, these factors create a supportive environment

for sustainable tourism development.

e. Conceptual Framework of Community-Based Tourism Destination Management

Below is a conceptual diagram illustrating the relationship between CBT, stakeholders,

and sustainable destination management.

Figure 1. Diagram Illustrating The Relationship Between CBT, Stakeholders, and

Sustainable Destination Management

The diagram above illustrates the conceptual relationship between community-based

tourism and sustainable destination management. In this framework, CBT functions as the central

mechanism that connects local communities with various tourism stakeholders, including

government institutions, private sector actors, NGOs, and academic institutions. These actors

collectively contribute resources, knowledge, and governance structures that support sustainable

tourism development.

The role of Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) is particularly significant in

coordinating these interactions and ensuring that tourism strategies align with sustainability

goals. Through collaborative governance and stakeholder engagement, CBT can facilitate

inclusive tourism development that benefits both local communities and tourism destinations.

This framework highlights that sustainable destination management is not solely the

responsibility of governments or tourism businesses but requires collective action from all

stakeholders involved in the tourism ecosystem.

Conclusion

This study highlights that community-based tourism (CBT) has emerged as an important

alternative approach to tourism development that supports sustainability, local empowerment,

and inclusive governance. The literature review indicates that the integration of community

participation within destination management frameworks plays a crucial role in ensuring that

tourism development generates balanced economic, social, and environmental benefits. Key

dimensions of CBT identified in the literature include community participation, local

empowerment, stakeholder collaboration, and sustainable resource management. These elements

collectively contribute to strengthening local ownership of tourism initiatives while promoting

environmental conservation and cultural preservation within tourism destinations.

Furthermore, the findings emphasize that effective destination management requires

collaborative governance involving multiple stakeholders, including local communities,

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governments, private sector actors, and destination management organizations (DMOs).

Institutional support, capacity building, and inclusive governance structures are essential to

overcome challenges such as limited managerial capacity, unequal power relations, and

fragmented stakeholder coordination. Therefore, integrating CBT principles into destination

management strategies can enhance the resilience, competitiveness, and sustainability of tourism

destinations. Future research is encouraged to explore empirical applications of CBT governance

models and evaluate their long-term impacts on community welfare and sustainable tourism

development.

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